Though oral health issues can affect overall health, the two are considered unrelated and are frequently addressed separately when it comes to treatment. However, existing research shows that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are more likely to have periodontitis and vice-versa, suggesting an “oral-gut axis” linking the two conditions reciprocally. As such, collaborative, holistic health care may serve as an effective approach for such patients.
A new comprehensive review of over 300 studies examining the correlation of periodontitis and IBD adds support to the argument. The work, titled “Unraveling the Link between Periodontitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Challenges and Outlook,” is published on the arXiv pre-print server.
Periodontitis is the advanced stage of gum disease, characterized by inflamed and receding gums, halitosis, deep periodontal pockets, loose teeth, and if left untreated, tooth loss. Bacterial plaque accumulations on teeth or in the spaces between them result in an inflammatory response in the supporting structure of teeth, eventually destroying it.As the most common cause of tooth loss in adults worldwide, periodontitis is found in approximately half of adults over age 30 and over 70% of adults over age 65. Risk factors for periodontitis include advanced age, diabetes, genetic factors, certain medications, poor oral hygiene, and smoking. The spread of the disease’s pathogens and the systemic inflammation it promotes is believed to contribute to other health issues including diabetes, heart disease, IBD, and preterm birth.
Meanwhile, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are the two main forms of IBD, a broad category covering a number of chronic inflammatory issues that affect the GI tract. In Crohn’s disease, patches of inflammation may be found on the bowel wall throughout both the large and small intestines, while inflammation in ulcerative colitis is found on the mucosal layer from the colon to the rectum.
In both of these IBD conditions, symptoms include abdominal pain and cramping, diarrhea, fatigue, fever, nausea and vomiting, and weight loss. Oral lesions are among the significant comorbidities seen in anywhere from 25% to 40% of patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis.
The exact cause of IBD has not been identified, but environmental, genetic, and microbial factors as well as immune responses are all believed to be involved. Risk factors may include age (it is more common in children and young adults, but also affects up to 15% of patients after age 60); ethnicity (it more commonly appears in Caucasians and Ashkenazi Jews); family history, and specifically for Crohn’s disease, smoking.
